Tcl's dual-ported objects provide a general-purpose mechanism for storing and exchanging Tcl values. They largely replace the use of strings in Tcl. For example, they are used to store variable values, command arguments, command results, and scripts. Tcl objects behave like strings but also hold an internal representation that can be manipulated more efficiently. For example, a Tcl list is now represented as an object that holds the list's string representation as well as an array of pointers to the objects for each list element. Dual-ported objects avoid most runtime type conversions. They also improve the speed of many operations since an appropriate representation is immediately available. The compiler itself uses Tcl objects to cache the instruction bytecodes resulting from compiling scripts.
The two representations are a cache of each other and are computed lazily. That is, each representation is only computed when necessary, it is computed from the other representation, and, once computed, it is saved. In addition, a change in one representation invalidates the other one. As an example, a Tcl program doing integer calculations can operate directly on a variable's internal machine integer representation without having to constantly convert between integers and strings. Only when it needs a string representing the variable's value, say to print it, will the program regenerate the string representation from the integer. Although objects contain an internal representation, their semantics are defined in terms of strings: an up-to-date string can always be obtained, and any change to the object will be reflected in that string when the object's string representation is fetched. Because of this representation invalidation and regeneration, it is dangerous for extension writers to access Tcl_Obj fields directly. It is better to access Tcl_Obj information using procedures like Tcl_GetStringFromObj and Tcl_GetString.
Objects are allocated on the heap and are referenced using a pointer to their Tcl_Obj structure. Objects are shared as much as possible. This significantly reduces storage requirements because some objects such as long lists are very large. Also, most Tcl values are only read and never modified. This is especially true for procedure arguments, which can be shared between the caller and the called procedure. Assignment and argument binding is done by simply assigning a pointer to the value. Reference counting is used to determine when it is safe to reclaim an object's storage.
Tcl objects are typed. An object's internal representation is controlled by its type. Several types are predefined in the Tcl core including integer, double, list, and bytecode. Extension writers can extend the set of types by defining their own Tcl_ObjType structs.
typedef struct Tcl_Obj {
int refCount;
char *bytes;
int length;
Tcl_ObjType *typePtr;
union {
long longValue;
double doubleValue;
void *otherValuePtr;
Tcl_WideInt wideValue;
struct {
void *ptr1;
void *ptr2;
} twoPtrValue;
struct {
void *ptr;
unsigned long value;
} ptrAndLongRep;
} internalRep;
} Tcl_Obj;
The bytes and the length members together hold
an object's UTF-8 string representation,
which is a counted string not containing null bytes (UTF-8 null
characters should be encoded as a two byte sequence: 192, 128.)
bytes points to the first byte of the string representation.
The length member gives the number of bytes.
The byte array must always have a null byte after the last data byte,
at offset length;
this allows string representations
to be treated as conventional null-terminated C strings.
C programs use Tcl_GetStringFromObj and Tcl_GetString to get
an object's string representation.
If bytes is NULL,
the string representation is invalid.
An object's type manages its internal representation. The member typePtr points to the Tcl_ObjType structure that describes the type. If typePtr is NULL, the internal representation is invalid.
The internalRep union member holds an object's internal representation. This is either a (long) integer, a double-precision floating-point number, a pointer to a value containing additional information needed by the object's type to represent the object, a Tcl_WideInt integer, two arbitrary pointers, or a pair made up of an unsigned long integer and a pointer.
The refCount member is used to tell when it is safe to free an object's storage. It holds the count of active references to the object. Maintaining the correct reference count is a key responsibility of extension writers. Reference counting is discussed below in the section STORAGE MANAGEMENT OF OBJECTS.
Although extension writers can directly access the members of a Tcl_Obj structure, it is much better to use the appropriate procedures and macros. For example, extension writers should never read or update refCount directly; they should use macros such as Tcl_IncrRefCount and Tcl_IsShared instead.
A key property of Tcl objects is that they hold two representations. An object typically starts out containing only a string representation: it is untyped and has a NULL typePtr. An object containing an empty string or a copy of a specified string is created using Tcl_NewObj or Tcl_NewStringObj respectively. An object's string value is gotten with Tcl_GetStringFromObj or Tcl_GetString and changed with Tcl_SetStringObj. If the object is later passed to a procedure like Tcl_GetIntFromObj that requires a specific internal representation, the procedure will create one and set the object's typePtr. The internal representation is computed from the string representation. An object's two representations are duals of each other: changes made to one are reflected in the other. For example, Tcl_ListObjReplace will modify an object's internal representation and the next call to Tcl_GetStringFromObj or Tcl_GetString will reflect that change.
Representations are recomputed lazily for efficiency. A change to one representation made by a procedure such as Tcl_ListObjReplace is not reflected immediately in the other representation. Instead, the other representation is marked invalid so that it is only regenerated if it is needed later. Most C programmers never have to be concerned with how this is done and simply use procedures such as Tcl_GetBooleanFromObj or Tcl_ListObjIndex. Programmers that implement their own object types must check for invalid representations and mark representations invalid when necessary. The procedure Tcl_InvalidateStringRep is used to mark an object's string representation invalid and to free any storage associated with the old string representation.
Objects usually remain one type over their life, but occasionally an object must be converted from one type to another. For example, a C program might build up a string in an object with repeated calls to Tcl_AppendToObj, and then call Tcl_ListObjIndex to extract a list element from the object. The same object holding the same string value can have several different internal representations at different times. Extension writers can also force an object to be converted from one type to another using the Tcl_ConvertToType procedure. Only programmers that create new object types need to be concerned about how this is done. A procedure defined as part of the object type's implementation creates a new internal representation for an object and changes its typePtr. See the man page for Tcl_RegisterObjType to see how to create a new object type.
set x 123This assigns to x an untyped object whose bytes member points to 123 and length member contains 3. The object's typePtr member is NULL.
puts "x is $x"x's string representation is valid (since bytes is non-NULL) and is fetched for the command.
incr xThe incr command first gets an integer from x's object by calling Tcl_GetIntFromObj. This procedure checks whether the object is already an integer object. Since it is not, it converts the object by setting the object's internalRep.longValue member to the integer 123 and setting the object's typePtr to point to the integer Tcl_ObjType structure. Both representations are now valid. incr increments the object's integer internal representation then invalidates its string representation (by calling Tcl_InvalidateStringRep) since the string representation no longer corresponds to the internal representation.
puts "x is now $x"The string representation of x's object is needed and is recomputed. The string representation is now 124 and both representations are again valid.
As an example, the bytecode interpreter shares argument objects between calling and called Tcl procedures to avoid having to copy objects. It assigns the call's argument objects to the procedure's formal parameter variables. In doing so, it calls Tcl_IncrRefCount to increment the reference count of each argument since there is now a new reference to it from the formal parameter. When the called procedure returns, the interpreter calls Tcl_DecrRefCount to decrement each argument's reference count. When an object's reference count drops less than or equal to zero, Tcl_DecrRefCount reclaims its storage. Most command procedures do not have to be concerned about reference counting since they use an object's value immediately and do not retain a pointer to the object after they return. However, if they do retain a pointer to an object in a data structure, they must be careful to increment its reference count since the retained pointer is a new reference.
Command procedures that directly modify objects such as those for lappend and linsert must be careful to copy a shared object before changing it. They must first check whether the object is shared by calling Tcl_IsShared. If the object is shared they must copy the object by using Tcl_DuplicateObj; this returns a new duplicate of the original object that has refCount 0. If the object is not shared, the command procedure “owns” the object and can safely modify it directly. For example, the following code appears in the command procedure that implements linsert. This procedure modifies the list object passed to it in objv[1] by inserting objc-3 new elements before index.
listPtr = objv[1];
if (Tcl_IsShared(listPtr)) {
listPtr = Tcl_DuplicateObj(listPtr);
}
result = Tcl_ListObjReplace(interp, listPtr, index, 0,
(objc-3), &(objv[3]));
As another example, incr's command procedure must check whether the variable's object is shared before incrementing the integer in its internal representation. If it is shared, it needs to duplicate the object in order to avoid accidentally changing values in other data structures.